Research Papers on Media

Research Papers on Media Media is a science that falls into the scope of the publicity and advertisement. Main objective of this science is to identify the main sources and ways of attracting target audience to a particular product. When we walk in the city and find ourselves diving into the colourful banners on the streets or listening short announcements in the underground, reading newspaper with a lot of small and big advertisement campaigns – it is all the result of the media specialists’ work. â€Å"Your advertisement could be here† is one of the very common ways to attract your attention and if you read this phrase on the wall or on the city stand, it means that these promotional tactics work and you are one of the target audience. The purpose of this research document is to analyse the evolution and the scope of the job responsibilities and key objectives of the media specialists in the current market environment. A lot of literature was specifically dedicated to analysis of marketing topics and media in particular. One of the aspects that, from my perspectives, still has a lot of room for research and analysis, is the way this science evolved during the last decade. The results of the analysis will provide a deep insight into the evolution of media in view of the changes, determined by the needs of society and fast-changing business environment. The research document is based on the analysis of the previous literature and face-to-face interview with 23 specialists from the media sphere, represented by gender, various job functions and varied level of the organization. On the basis of the analysis, the writer will drive the conclusions on the evolution process of media functions.

Devil in a Blue Dress Rhetorical Analysis Novel vs. Film...

Devil in a Blue Dress: Novel vs. Film The hardboiled mystery novel, Devil in a Blue Dress, by Walter Mosley was first published in 1990 and was acknowledged by former U.S. President, Bill Clinton, as one of his many favorite novelists (Easy Writer). Taking place in post-war Los Angeles, the story is narrated by an African American laborer, Easy Rawlins, who is transformed into an L.A. detective after being pulled in to the affairs of local townspeople. The successful novel continued onto screen adaptation in 1995 and was directed by Carl Franklin and starred Denzel Washington, who also financed and produced the film (Easy Writer). From a well-liked hardboiled detective novel to a contemporary film, viewers and readers are restricted from†¦show more content†¦In addition to the differences seen through Easy’s point of view, there are also several differences in how the author and director utilize certain effects to obtain a dark tone. The screen adaptation paid homage to the dark tone perceived in the novel through lighting and a voiceover narration from Easy. Several scenes in the movie appear to have darker lighting than others. This effect allows viewers to feel the mysterious and secretive mood that is intended. In the scene where Easy visits John’s nightclub the lighting in the movie portrays the room as very dark and musty. The room itself is very enclosed and secretive since the owner, John, was into the speakeasy business before Prohibition was repealed. The nightclub itself is for the black community and has a very low-key reputation. To show the secretive, mysterious reputation of the nightclub, Franklin shoots the scene with little to no lighting (Devil in a Blue Dress Movie 1995). Throughout the film the audience is led through Easy’s point of view, which is heard through his voiceover narration. According to a movie review by Edwin Jahiel, â€Å"Washingtons voice is rather too sweet, lacks the tough staccato†¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ . Again, we see actors blocking take effect as Washington attempts to live up to his typical role as the â€Å"good guy†. The movie takes a much different approach towards Easy’s character, which results in a smooth, legato narration. His short, flowingShow MoreRelatedAmerican Literature11652 Words   |  47 Pagesindividual s inner feelings emphasis on the imagination over reason and intuition over facts urbanization versus nostalgia for nature burden of the Puritan past Genre/Style: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · literary tale character sketch slave narratives, political novels poetry transcendentalism Effect: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · helps instill proper gender behavior for men and women fuels the abolitionist movement allow people to re-imagine the American past Historical Context: ï‚ · ï‚ · expansion of magazines, newspapers, andRead MoreMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 PagesFILM LANGUAGE FILM LANGUAGE A Semiotics of the Cinema Christian Metz Translated by Michael Taylor The University of Chicago Press Published by arrangement with Oxford University Press, Inc. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637  © 1974 by Oxford University Press, Inc. All rights reserved. English translation. Originally published 1974 Note on Translation  © 1991 by the University of Chicago University of Chicago Press edition 1991 Printed in the United States of America 09 08 07 6Read MoreLanguage of Advertising20371 Words   |  82 Pages INTRODUCTION This graduation paper is devoted to the investigation of peculiarities of advertising language. However, the number of works devoted to the analysis of advertising language, is rather significant, though we witness advertising English is developing very fast. The reason is that advertising is very popular nowadays and a lot of people want to know about advertising language. An advertising practitionerRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagestheory focuses attention on the human issues in organization ‘There is nothing so practical as a good theory’ How Roethlisberger developed a ‘practical’ organization theory Column 1: The core contributing social sciences Column 2: The techniques for analysis Column 3: The neo-modernist perspective Column 4: Contributions to business and management Four combinations of science, scientific technique and the neo-modernist approach reach different parts of the organization Level 1: Developing the organization

Analysis of e-grocery systems - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 15 Words: 4516 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Introduction:- The literature reviews the operational and strategic analysis of E-grocery systems. There are many business models in E-grocery business. To make E-business model a sustainable one they are using different strategies in different targeted markets. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Analysis of e-grocery systems" essay for you Create order Each individual model varies from one other in various dimensions such as placing of order, assembling and delivering the goods. The first part of the literature provides statistical description of online grocery industry in various geographical and measures. The second part provides review of the E-grocery industrys market and its customer base. The final part offers previous studies opinions and factors about various outcomes of e-grocery business. Industry Over View:- Over last five decades grocery business has transformed into new sector of supermarkets in UK. Many of the supermarkets changed the grocery field dramatically. These champions of consumers brought vast choices in product and price to improve their business sector. Online grocery shopping and Home delivery system has became one of major aspects in grocery industries. The revolution of technology advancement in internet promoted grocery industries to embark on new methods in retailing industry. However, many grocers have been unsuccessful to consider the advantages of how it can support grocery business. These developments lead to dismissal of complete-online supermarkets such as webvan, homegrocer, shoplink and homeruns (Ramus and Nielsen, 2005). These results demonstrate the necessity of careful crafting of e-grocery strategies which exploits internet technologys potential of increasing company profit and also customer service (porter, 2001). On one hand, strategy conceptualisat ion is difficult for pure-play grocery stores since companies have not tried business models before. On the other hand, formulation of strategies for clicks and bricks grocery shops requires strategies which will combine both existing retail practice and internet based shopping processes ( Teo, 2002). Online shopping or e-grocery retailing service involves customers online buying behaviour and practices, order fulfilment and delivery of order, development and maintenance of online websites to facilitate customers to enter their orders (Hong and Kim, 2004). This literature provides insight of e-groceries and the strategic methods. Development Of Home Deliveries In The UK:- In United Kingdom, from centuries home delivery of goods has been taking place. During 20th century some local door to door field sales and home deliveries were go down due to rise large number of retail centres and also availability of cheap cars, however, some other home delivery business still in existence such as milk and catalogue distribution. The innovation of large consumer products such as washing machines, dishwashers, refrigerators, televisions etc results in certain type of delivery methods after mid-twentieth century. (Spufford, 1994) The recent development of information technology has contributed many new methods to retailing sector over the internet which drastically increases the demand of home deliveries. Online shopping and home delivery became an ideal path or approach in a society where people themselves believe they are cash-rich and time-poor for grocery or household goods. E-commerce along with some other forms offers the opportunity for consumers to buy household goods from their homes and also to receive deliveries at their flexible timings rather than travelling to stores. (ibid) Grocery And Grocery Industry:- Groceries and other food retailers function each and every day, yet it is fundamental and permanent industry sectors in the business world. Everybody require food, thus everyone must and should purchase food from one or another retail outlet. Therefore, the grocery industry is a vast, fragmented and tremendously competitive environment ( Kelly Delaney et al, 2003 pp 187). â€Å"In Great Britain, food retailing industry constitutes 36 percent of overall retail turnover annually (Central Statistical Office, 1990). In United Kingdom the largest individual category of family expenditure and along with some other groups, which are partially sold in supermarkets, like household goods, tobacco and alcohols, clothing and leisure goods for a considerably large share of customer shopping (Central Statistical Office, 1991).† (Russell Aylott et al, 1998,. Pp.363) Customer Base And Market Trends:- According to Verdict (2006a), 80% of the online shoppers were of 29 to50 age group in 2002. Majority of responded shoppers were female. There are three groups of online shoppers: firstly rich and busy people who are pressed for time, secondly families with one or more young children and thirdly people who find difficulty to get into stores. The first group of people are those who have higher incomes and less time to shop. These people are normally high internet users, technology comprehend or family with dual income. These rich and busy people prefer someone to shop behalf of them. The second group are those who have got young children in their families. They constitute higher number of e-grocery shoppers. The age group of e-grocery shoppers is 29 to 50 years old with at least one young child under five years old. This group usually spend their time in cooking dinners for their family therefore they prefer shop online for regular household groceries. This category of people wants t o avoid hassle situation at stores by dragging kids along with them for shopping. The final group is comparably small to other two categories. This group of people are those who find difficulty to access the store environment due to several reasons like age or physical disability. People average life span increased in recent decades comparing to 1950s and 1960s. People average life span increased from 67.8 to 77.2 in 2007 and they estimated life span is 82.4 for 2015.Aged people and physically challenged people may need little more extra help while doing shopping. They may found it as difficult to drive to supermarkets and to carry heavy household goods back to home. Online shopping will be the good alternative source for grocery shopping. Estimation Of Home Delivery Shopping Market And Market Share:- In the year 1999 the total home shopping market worth was figured  £12.36bn in UK market. The projected view for 2004 was  £24.12bn. All sectors have been experienced by considerable growth and constant increase has been expected for following 5 years as customers accept different new channels for purchasing of goods. Traditional grocery shopping is matured market. However, recent development and growth predicts that, it has been generated by potential e-commerce and majority of grocers converted a part of their business into e-grocers. UK e-shopping was  £581m worth in the year 1999 and estimated growth to  £1.53bn in 2000. Verdict research predicted there will be huge growth of 3.36% of total sales in online market and it was estimated as  £8.84bn by 2004(Nielsen, 2000). Market Trends In Home Shopping:- E-commerce growth in recent decades (excluding some declined cases) transformed old traditional companies into technology implemented new companies. Moreover, now companies are in better position to exploit and implement new technologies to business models to grow their sales and profit. In the starting days of internet technology there were comments from academic commentators that most of incumbent businesses were unwilling to try internet for sales channel. There was lack of internet knowledge and also uneven distribution of amount for physical distribution. These companies distribution infrastructure have their brand names and customer base which will help to command and access the funding, and provide stronger position to embrace e-commerce (Anderson consulting, 2000). If we consider present situation, majority of internet user are males compare to females. This socio-economic difference in internet profile user also affects online shopping. Along with these higher proportio n of society contains children and youth who currently own their own computer systems and access internet more than older generation. However, research depicts that some of these variations may diminish over the growth of technology. For an example, the prediction of women internet user by the 2005 will increase by sixty percent of total UK online users. (Tesco, 2000). Many more established retailers are likely to adopt a new approach, Multichannel retail sector implementation and development, in future. Already there are alternative channel development methods by many large retailers. It will also permit retailers to create alternative channels to draw supply chains and resources from their existence channels. For manufacturing companies it will provide good opportunity to access customers directly and to formulate new methods of delivering service or product. There is an expectation of launching of new niche catalogues from major drivers in UK as growth rate penetrates. (Webb, 2000). Geographical Characteristics:- Sandoval( 2002) mentioned analyst Robert Rubin said that average population density in UK is high compared to ones US. The US( 31 per sq.km) population density is one-eighth of the UK ( 248 per sq.km) in 2004 ( world population prospectus). Tesco and Sainsbury have become successful e-grocers in the UK. These grocers target highly populated urban areas for more potential consumers. Urban areas are densely populated, people reside very close. In large cities there are less people who own cars. There are other factors which influence online grocery shopping in urban areas such as busy lifestyle, highly crowded shopping malls, public transport dependence for transportation and higher income. According to Mclaughlin(2005) cities are highly populated with internet users and considerable residents with disposable income. It is difficult expand online shopping to system to all geographic areas instead it could be done from one urban area to another, expanding business like this will make company delivery truck to achieve high number of deliveries at every trip. Psychographic Characteristics:- Fox and kempiak (2006) mentioned five major decision elements for online grocery shopping( price, convenience, product variety, ambiance and service). He also stated several reasons to increase online shopping chances such as changing family structure, busy work schedule with increased working hours, less free time and time consuming traditional shopping methods. This social system transformation result in search of alternative independent grocery shopping methods. Customer with different disability made their interest towards e-shopping rather than traditional one. Woodside, Arch G. and Randolph J. Trappey (1992) mentioned that time and conveniences are the two major factors for people to switch from traditional shopping methods to electronic shopping methods. Technology should provide complete product description to satisfy different types of customer base it may be depends on several criteria such as different food preferences such as organic, religious , ethnic origin etc Technological Characteristics:- Fox and Kempiak(2006)states that, the food marketing institute indicates US consumers are highest internet users with eighty-six percent in that seventy percent will shop online daily. Whereas in the UK, broadband user are in fifth position in world and second position in Europe. E-commerce research 2007 shows 15.9 percent respondents brought groceries once in a week, 2.7 percent shops twice or thrice a month, largest group shops once or twice in a year. Increased internet users likely contribute the growth of online shopping. Online shoppers will make more shopping than in-store shoppers. â€Å"As the economy and society have changed, so retailers have responded and shopping as an activity has altered enormously.† (Dawson and Broadbridge,1988). Online shopping is comparatively recent phenomenon, which provides an opportunity to consumers to carry out at least one part of buying process online. â€Å"Electronic grocery shopping has been defined as shopping when at lea st part of transaction is started electronically via third party services or the Internet, but paying and logistics are not necessarily performed digitally†. ( Carl Lewis, 2003-pp.207) E-shop business model represents one class of e-commerce where buyers and sellers interact electronically with each other, except for deliveries. Burke suggests many reasons web marketing of food. As an example, everybody has to eat, and in store shopping consumes considerable time to purchase and majority people do not like grocery shopping. Daily household goods are difficult to move physically from one place to another. Continuous growth of e-commerce enlightens many traditional grocery retailers to use internet channel to sell their goods. The development leads to many more conventional retails to enter into e-grocery field (Boedeker.M, 1997 ). E-Crm:- Smith believed that, customers thinking about the shopping are predetermined whether in means of preference to products, price and accessibility. Satisfying such conditions and preferences thorough online process is carried out through designing e-commerce website and online shopping store should focus on creating e-loyalty. Customer relationship management (CRM) programmes are the most effective way to incorporate loyalty. Customer service is one of the major aspects of business which includes customer assistant in sales, maintenance customer policies, providing customised services, after-sales maintenance etc. Due to the different type and nature of products which are purchased at e-grocery shops there should be complete product description. Some websites provide procedures for return of product or reporting problems as a part of after-sales service. Some stores allow unsatisfied customer to return their product, some websites provide vast description about their products such as ripeness of their tomatoes (smith, 2000). All online shopping websites provide some customer rules and policies. According to Australian legislation, all online websites should maintain privacy policy (Australian Federal Government, 2000). Success And Failure Factors From Previous Studies:- Friends of Earth(2005) believed that e-grocery method is the best way to promote industrys brand image. However , Fox and Kempiak(2006) and Kotler (1996) stated conversely; brand image of company will help to promote online grocery business. They also believed that industrys business experience and its infrastructure will be added advantage for promotion. One more factor is people ability to spend money for long duration household goods. Pachauri, Moneesha 2002 stated that competition in e-grocery retail sector remains the same until company stay in game. If any child companys online business started down falling then parental company may not let it to happen for longer duration because they are inter-related in means of profit sharing. Without the demand, services of online business company will lead to business failure. Retention of existing customer is one of the main aspects of business. To gain customer loyalty, companies should provide reward to regular shopper. Customers can also gain loyalty points for their spending and it will convert into reward coupons or vouchers. Brick and mortar stores utilises their existing business infrastructure to click and mortar stores to save on costs. Delaney-Klinger, Boyer, and Frohlich (2003) mentioned Tescos success and Webvan failure because of its marketing strategy for online business. Webvan marketed its online sales with value-added service and extra delivery charges to cope up with online ordering cost. Tescos pricing strategy is little higher than the Webvan and its most suitable one for lower volume sales. Smith, Howard (2004) stated that online-only business spent heavy money for their highly automated warehouses. The operating costs for these warehouses are high and order volumes for those companies are not more than half of their capacity. High initial start up cost for online division, although pricing strategy can able to reduce cost for internal order picking and delivery methods. However, Del aney-Klinger et al (2003) believed that the expenditure for short run will increase business cost for warehouse methods and decrease for existing store picking methods comparably. High initial start-up cost will results at higher risk for any organisation. Another aspect for failure will be lack of online business management knowledge and experience. Blythman, Joanna (2005) stated that, companies are not concentrating much on customer relation management for stabilising business consistently. Traditional grocers have more advantage over online grocers in this area. Conclusion:- Online shopping and home delivery service is one of the critical aspects of e-grocery business. E-grocery business should have to understand the variable cost affecting structures and service concepts in order to turn online grocery business into profitable one. The different strategies were discussed. Analysing and adopting best strategy for e-grocery business is mast important. This literature provided insight of e-groceries. In a service context, as with product marketing, getting and keeping customers is of utmost importance. With service, in particular, someone within the organization will interact with customers; hence they should be viewed as customer relationships not just customers. Customer relationships have to be built and a useful way of viewing these developments as a life cycle. The marketing objective will change as the customer proceeds through the cycle. Understanding service marketing is becoming increasingly important for all organizations as more firms seek to differentiate their product or services through their service offering. Interaction and customer relationship concepts, two key areas of service marketing are set to be of even greater importance to all firms in the future. Research Methodology Research topic: Strategic and Economic analysis of E-grocery system in Tesco and Sainsbury (Online shopping and home delivery methods). Background Of Home Delivery System And Its Characteristics- Home delivery is generally defined as delivering of all types of goods to customers homes (or any different location opted by customer – example workplace) regardless online or any other order forms such as traditional mailing, telephone-based ordering (phone order), internet, fax or order made in person by consumer in store premises. The study is carried out in business to customer order delivery system rather than business to business. Home delivery system refers to all household goods delivered to consumers house (the destination may change such as work place on customers selection). Hence in online shopping and home delivery method the purchased physical household goods is carried out to customers destination by specialised home delivery unit or companies instead of customers themselves. There are some reasons for home deliveries like (i) may be the retail outlet itself provide an additional service to their customers or ( ii) may be customer do not like to carry the shopped goods at that instance or the required product may be out-of-stock at that moment or (iii) due to goods weight or size ( if it became difficulty to customer to transport by themselves) or (iv) because the seller itself does not have any physical store and may be its complete operation depends on the virtual online store. Thus customer may face impossible situation to collect the goods in store by themselves. (Farahmand and Young, 1998; Nielsen, 2000) Problem Statement:- On one hand, many customers are interested to do online shopping for their household goods, but yet they are not interest to abandon shopping in-store in traditional way. Most of the people still believed that, online shopping is too expensive. On the other hand, many more industries also made their effort to build online stores by providing this extra service to the customers. Organisations are continuously striving hard to build different strategic approaches for fulfilment of orders in profitable way. However, online unit business will add extra expenditure to grocers with or without some nominal charges. The profit margin is comparably very low in e-grocery to traditional one. Many grocers have undertaken to provide online shopping experience for their customers with different strategies. Profit margin is very low and sustainability in this industry is difficult. In the history of grocery sector many more companies introduced online shopping and home delivery units and failed. Purpose Of The Study:- The online shopping and home delivery is still in emergent phase. E-grocery business is very challenging field and it provides an extraordinary opportunities for business. E-groceries made many more efforts to implement various strategies and service concepts, there is no much research carried out in this area. This research study is provides insight of e-grocery methods in retail sector, identifies operating strategies and strategic and economic analysis of home delivery methods in Sainsbury and Tesco. Main Research Questions:- This research study is carried out to understand the factors of e-grocery success by trying to find answer to following research questions. How Tescos and Sainsburys online units are functioning strategies to its success? What are the business models they are following? How are they processing their order? Should they use warehouse system or in-store picking system? Whether home delivery system is profitable or not? How should online unit function to achieve operational efficiency and how they are managing customer relationship? Hypothesis: Home delivery is neither a profitable nor a strategic contributor to Tesco and Sainsbury. Research Objectives:- The objective of this study is to find out the above was mentioned research explained empirically by using various research methods. Our approach is comparative in nature. The steps adopted in our study are as follows: (1) Identification of the industries under study; (2) Study of background of the industries; (3) Interpretation of appropriateness of strategies and methods of individual firm; (4) Analysis of home delivery methods impact on organisational performance from individual firm. Research Approach And Methodology:- Research data collection is carried out both quantitatively and qualitatively. It will become difficult to distinguish between these two methods. Generally quantitative research method means collecting numerical data or coded information for objective analysis, data will be later interpreted. Qualitative research method is data collection by observations by peoples activity generally and they are noted in coded description. However, this codified information can be used for later analysis. The important form of this method is often reporting and interpretations by researcher by timely observation. A semi structured interview will be carried out during research which consists of analysis of six Sainsbury and six Tesco stores for data collection about home delivery. Interviews will be carried out with key persons like grocery manager, online delivery driver, and duty manager etc in each store to collect the quantitative and qualitative data. The quantitative data will be calcul ated and qualitative data will be gathered for analysis. And results will be drawn from the following methods. This study uses semi-structured quantitative primary analysis (interview for data collection) and majorly uses qualitative method (secondary source) to identify UK grocery sector and to focus to answer research questions stated. Interviews will provide large amount of information which is main source of information and key pathway for time-constrained studies such as this (Esterberg, 2002). Case Study And Historical Analysis Method:- According to Yin (1989), there are mainly five major investigating methods in social science research namely surveys, archival analysis, case studies, experiments and historical analysis. He also distinguish them on the basis of three criteria; those are i) what kind of research question will be asked, ii) what will the degree of control over present behavioural consequences and iii) present emphasis compared to past events. Case studies and historical analysis are desirable approaches to evaluate strategies of organisations. These methods are useful to describe and answer the â€Å"how† and/or â€Å"why† scenario when events happen beyond researcher control and also while researching present phenomenon in real-life time. Inductive and deductive approaches will be used for analysis of research data. Inductive way means drawing the general conclusions from researcher based on empirical grounds. Deductive approach means drawing the conclusions from researchers logica l reasoning (Ghauri,et.Al,. 1995). This study focus on collecting information regarding operational strategies of Tesco and Sainsbury and to understand, why they are providing online shopping facility to customers while many of the supermarket failed to stay in game. During the process of study, the companies actions or strategic implementations from them are beyond the control of researcher, case study and historical analysis methods will be best, for a part of research. Meta-Analysis:- On this part, research study is carried out through qualitative meta-analysis for selected e-grocery organisations. Answers to main research questions will be collected qualitatively for each individual case (Lyons, 2003). The collected data will be analysed and possible relationships between business models and various out comes will be fetched out. This method is used to compare operations characteristics and strategies of Tesco and Sainsbury from the gathered data. This is the systematic approach for cross comparison of business models. There are few draw backs in meta-analysis such as, since data collected from various sources hence results quality is directly depends on the quality of source. Another, may companies may use similar strategic approach to achieve their goals which may be rarely identical. There is no unique approach to analyse data for meta-analysis. This effort is made to reveal answers from confirmed information from various sources (Graney and Engle, 1990). Significance And Limitations:- The study is carried out on case studies and available literature for the analysis of success in online grocery business, hope this study helps to find the major research questions. Study carried out to compare business models of only two named companies. This study is limited to only e-grocery business of Tesco and Sainsburys home delivery methods. Dissertation will be carried out only in the grocery section and applicability of results to other departments is not recommended. Dissertation will be carried out for sample quantity which will restrict the chances of generalisation. References:- AC Nielsen (2000) the Retail Pocket Book, 2000. Burke, R. R. 1997. Real Shopping in a Virtual Store. Peterson R. A. (editor). Electronic Marketing and the Consumer. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 81-88. Boedeker, M. 1997. Recreational Shopping, The role of the basic emotional dimensions of personality. Turku: Publications of the Turk u School of Economics and Business Administration. Series A-9:1997 Blythman, Joanna (2005) Shopped: The Shocking Power of British Supermarkets, Second Edition, 2005, Harper Perennial, Hammersmith. Ramus, K. and Nielsen, N.A. (2005). Online Grocery Retailing: What Do Consumers Think? Internet Research, 15 (3), 335-352. Porter, M.E. (2001). Strategy and the Internet. Harvard Business Review, 79 (3), 62-78. Hong, S. and Kim J. (2004). Architectural Criteria for Website Evaluation Conceptual Framework And Empirical Validation. Behaviour and Information Technology, 23 (5), 337-357. Teo, T.S.H., (2002). Attitudes toward Online Shoppi ng and the Internet. Behaviour and Information Technology, 21 (4), 259-271. Hong, S. and Kim J. (2004). Architectural Criteria for Website Evaluation Conceptual Framework And Empirical Validation. Behaviour and Information Technology, 23 (5), 337-357. Anderson Consulting (2000), E-Europe: connecting the dots, Anderson consulting. Australian Federal Government 2000, Privacy Act, Privacy Amendment (Private Sector) Act 2000( Cth), Canberra, Australia. Smith, E. 2000, E-Loyalty: How to Keep Customers Coming Back To Your Website, Harper Business, New York. Ghauri, P.N., Gronhaug, K., Kristianslund, I. (1995), †Research Methods in Business Studies – A Practical Guide†, Prentice Hall 1995 Esterberg, K G (2002) Qualitative Methods in Social Research, 2002, McGraw-Hill, Boston. Delaney-Klinger, K., Boyer, K. K., Frohlich, M. (2003). The return of online grocery shopping: a comparative analysis of Webvan and Tescos operational methods. The TQM Magazin e, 15(3), 187-196. Graney, M. J. Engle, V. F. (1990, September). Meta-analysis techniques. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, Fox, M. A., Kempiak, M. (2006). Online grocery shopping: Consumer motives, concerns, and business models. Friends of the Earth (2005), Briefing: The Tesco Takeover, June 2005, Friends of the Earth, London. Kotler, Philip (1996) Marketing Management – Analysis, Planning, Implementation and Control, Eighth Edition, 1996, Prentice Hall. Europe. Pachauri, Moneesha (2002) Consumer Behaviour; a Literature Review, The Marketing Review, 2002, 2, pp. 319–355. Smith, Howard (2004) Supermarket Choice and Supermarket Competition in Market Equilibrium, The Review of Economic Studies, Volume 71, 2004, pp235-263. McLaughlin, K. (2005). Pricelines ex-CEO puts eggs in basket of an online grocer. Wall Street Journal, p. B7 Russell Aylott and Vincent- Wayne Mitchell, 1998- â€Å"An exploratory study of grocery shopping stressors†- International Journal of retailing and distribution management, volume 26, number 9, 1998, Pp.363 Spufford, M (1994) the pedlar, The Historian and the Folklorist: Seventeenth Century Communications, Folklore, Vol. 105, pp. 13-24. Farahmand, R and Young, M. (1998) Home shopping and its future. Paper presented at the 10th annual TRICS conference, 22-23rd September. Webb, G. (2000) â€Å"The multi-channel route – and need to keep a cool head†, in E-logistics Magazine, September. Tesco (2000), Tesco press release –i-village and Tesco.com, 19th July. Verdict (2006a), How Britain Shops 2006: Food and Grocery, Verdict Research Limited, May 2006, London. Woodside, Arch G. and Randolph J. Trappey (1992) Finding out why customers shop your store and buy your brand: Automatic cognitive processing models of primary choice, Journal of Advertising Research, November/December 1992, pp.52-78. Yin, R.K. (1989), â€Å"Case Study Research: Design and Me thods†, Sage Publications 1989 https://www.statistics.gov.uk/hub/ ,accessed on 22/09/09

The Last Major Civil Rights Milestone - 1878 Words

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One of the outstanding minorities still left to be granted the ideals of freedom, equality, and tolerance are homosexuals trying to obtain the right to marry the person they want to spend the rest of their life with, regardless of gender. Same-sex marriages should be recognized in the eyes of the U.S. government in accordance with its responsibility to provide all American citizens equal freedoms. Opponents of gay marriage often use the defense that the cultural traditional definition of marriage needs to be protected, and cannot be altered to include homosexuals. An anti-gay marriage article reads, Marriage is not created by government. It is older than the Constitution, older than America, older even than the church. ItShow MoreRelatedThe Fbi Is The United States Prime Federal Law Enforcement Agency1121 Words   |  5 Pagesspecialists, scientists, and information technology specialists. The FBI also employs many civilians who go through intense training. 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Read MoreConsequences of the American Civil Rights Act of 19641192 Words   |  5 Pages Observing half a century of an equality stimulating law: an economic review on the consequences of the American Civil Right act of 1964 Introduction The Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Pub.L. 88-352, 78 Stat. 241, enacted on July 2nd, 1964) is a milestone in the law history of the United States of America, which prohibited major forms of discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in employment practices and public accommodations. In commemoration of the 50th anniversaryRead MoreEssay about The Revolutionary War1417 Words   |  6 PagesThis effected people greatly and was the last hope for cooperation. Other events that effected people and ideas were the Kansas-Nebraska Act, Dred Scott decision and talk about states succeeding. In 1855 was the start of the Civil War over territory. In 1861 there was a major battle, in the Civil War, with the firing on Fort Sumter. 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A Comparative Study of the Field Criminal Justice and Criminology Free Essays

A Comparative Study of the Fields Criminal Justice and Criminology Javier Landa-Miranda Ivy Tech Community College CRIM 101 What is Criminal Justice and what is Criminology? They are the same? Those are the questions that people ask their selves when they talk about those fields. There might be many controversies about the differences and similarities about Criminal Justice and Criminology. People must think that these two fields are totally different or just the same thing. We will write a custom essay sample on A Comparative Study of the Field Criminal Justice and Criminology or any similar topic only for you Order Now The reality is that Criminal Justice and Criminology are two fields that have many differences but at the same time many similarities. To identify the differences and similarities first, we have to identify what is Criminal Justice and Criminology. What is Criminal Justice? Well, for sure is not specific job training or a class that someone can take and considered him or herself ready to serve as a police officer, detective, etc. On the other hand, Criminal Justice is the study of how justice is dispensed in our system of government and around the world. Also Criminal Justice is the system of practice of governments directed at upholding social control, deterring crime, and sanctioning those who violate the law. The study of Criminal Justice will help anyone to identify the different jobs where people can get involved with a degree in Criminal Justice. Another important factor to note is that police agencies, courts, and corrections are part of the system of Criminal Justice. Each of those three components plays different functions in the Criminal Justice System (Judge Harold). Actually, society has a conflict with Criminal Justice System about Individual Rights and Public Order. This conflict refers to the question: what are more important Individual rights or Public order? This has been a serious issue for the Criminal Justice System because they try to balance both to maintain order in society. Is important to know that Criminal Justice has a process, know as Due process or Bill of Rights. This process protect criminals rights and is required by the U. S. constitution and force Criminal Justice case processing be conducted with fairness and equity. This means that a criminal can’t be arrested or send it to jail without fallowing the correct process that will protect criminal’s rights. Criminal Justice lso has several conflicts inside his own field with his agencies (The Defendants). The consensus model and conflict model are the more common. Consensus model refers to government agencies that work together against crime to maintain order. In the other hand, conflict model means that agencies win more when they compete each other instead of working together to maintain order; this last model has been a serious issue to Criminal Justice Sys tem because this can make complicated to maintain public order and keep safety in the streets. People as police, detectives or special agents that work in the criminal justice field have a lot of purposes in democratic society, but the most important for them are: enforce the law of the society, apprehend criminals, prevent crime, preserve domestic peace and tranquility, and provide the community with needed enforcement-related services (Major Cities). Criminology is the study the origin, extent, and criminal behavior including factors and causes of crime. College students that follow Criminology as a career, learn about different types of crime and how public responds to crime. This field focuses more in the psychology and ideology of a criminal (Criminology 2010). Criminology always is trying to solve the question, why crime occurred and why people commit them? This is why Criminology prepares a student to understand criminal’s behavior. Criminologists are mainly concerned with identifying the suspected cause of crime. Even though some criminologists devote their research to justice and social control and are concerned with how the agencies of justice operate. Criminology, 2000). Unlike Criminal Justice, Criminology has different methods of research as: surveys, experiments, observing and intensive interviewing, research using existing data, and comparative and historical research. This process has to be done to prove theories and hypothesis related to a crime investigation. Even though, is common for Criminology courses to evaluate the agencies of justice and for Criminal Justice programs to feature courses on Criminology. The higher level of education the more possibilities to get a higher position at any agency related with his career. Sometimes people find hard and cannot differentiate between Criminal Justice and Criminology. This happen because between these two fields there are not many differences, on the other hand there is more similarities then people think. The only differences between these two fields are: Criminal Justice is more related with crime control and how is punished. That is why Criminal Justice focuses more in policing, corrections and criminal courts. The main purpose of Criminal Justice is to prevent crime and apply the law to whoever broke the law (Criminal Justice 2013). On the other hand, criminology focuses more in the behavioral and social science that explores the origins of criminal behavior and the social response to crime. Another difference of Criminology is the application of the scientific method to understand and explain interactions of why people commit crime, law-making, law-breaking, and the reactions of society to these processes (Criminology and Criminal Justice). On the other hand the similarities of these two fields are easier to understand and explain. Sometimes Criminology is called Criminal Justice and other people thinks that these two fields are so inter-related that they should be considering as a discipline. As well as Criminal Justice, Criminology is related to courts, and police departments, the only difference is that Criminology focuses in why people commit crime, when Criminal Justice in how and what punishment the criminal should received (Criminology and Criminal Justice). Both fields Criminal Justice and Criminology agree that the cause of violence is related to: socialization, exposure to violence, cultural values subculture of violence, personal traits and human instinct (Criminology 2010). A student in Criminology as well as a student in Criminal Justice can become member of a police department, a special agency, or courts. Even with a Criminology degree that same person can perform the work of another person with a Criminal Justice degree. Criminal Justice and Criminology are two different fields; however might be hard to some people to distinguish these two fields due to the similar aspects. Even though, the study of these fields had brought many controversies and different point of view about the relation between these fields. People, who are interested in these two fields as a future career, might find hard to identify the differences and similarities. It is important to have a clear idea what is the role of each field before choose one. This essay might not clarify everyone’s questions but gives an idea of how Criminal Justice and Criminology works and how each field performs its work. Even thought, there might be appear new questions and controversies about these two fields that will need to be solve. References For a good overview of the issues involved, see Judge Harold J. Rothwax, Guilty: The Collapse of Criminal Justice (New York: Random House, 1996) â€Å"The Defendants’ Rights at a Criminal Trial,† http://www. mycounsel. om//content/arrest/courts/rights. html (accessed February 10, 2010). Major Cities Chiefs Association, Terrorism: The Impact on State and Local Law Enforcement, Intelligence Commanders Conference Report, June 2002, http://www. neiassociates. org/mccintelligencereport. pdf (Accessed September 30, 2009). Criminology and criminal justice frequently asked questions. Informally published manuscript, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania, Slippery Ro ck, Pennsylvania, Retrieved from http://academics. ru. edu/sasw/criminology/faq. html Criminal justice. (2013). Informally published manuscript, Department of Justice, Indiana University South Bend, Indianapolis. Indiana, Retrieved from https://www. iusb. edu/criminal-justice/index. php Criminology. (2000). Informally published manuscript, Department of Criminology, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, New Jersey, Retrieved from http://criminology. pages. tcnj. edu/ (2010). Criminology theories, patterns, and typologies. . (10th ed. , p. 554). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. How to cite A Comparative Study of the Field Criminal Justice and Criminology, Essay examples

Prioritizing Projects at D.D. Williamson free essay sample

D. D. Williamson implemented a new process for project prioritization that included focusing on the vision and impact of projects and narrowing down projects by selecting the ones of high importance and assigning them to senior management teams. I will attempt to critique that process, recommend an improvement for the process, provide a scenario of why the process could possibly not be successful, and project if the process will still be successful in five years. Critiquing D. D. Williamson Project Prioritization The prioritization process at D. D. Williamson is a great improvement opposed to the previous prioritization process that was implemented. I believe that D. D. Williamson was able to finally overcome challenges after years of not having a successful process in place. Cutting down the amount of projects from 60 to 16 was a smart plan that in return helped D. D. Williamson not to go over budget, increase the success rate to over 60 percent of projects finishing close to the expected completion date, and earn better results. We will write a custom essay sample on Prioritizing Projects at D.D. Williamson or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This process also helped to move forward the most critical projects of high importance. Simplifying the criteria ratings also helped to narrow down projects and prioritize them. By selecting a new criteria rating and focusing on the Vision Impact Projects (VIPs), it made it easier for the management team to focus on projects that would have a impact on corporate objectives and monitor them better in weekly meetings to overcome barriers before they occurred. Improving the Prioritization Process Though the proposed prioritization process at D. D. Williamson is a vast improvement opposed the prior process, I would recommend adding more criteria to determine which projects move forward opposed to just basing the criteria rating on the level of expected impact. Senior management should be more involved in the selection process and base selections on criteria such as investment, time, profitability, and strategy. According Examples of Project Prioritization, â€Å"Prioritization of projects means selecting the efforts and projects to be executed by the corporation based upon on a complete detailed analysis of all possible and available projects† (Vargas, R. V. ). Determining risks ahead of time is a good component in the criteria selection process, but other factors such as the one mentioned should be key components to ensure the right projects are being selected. Possible Process Failure â€Å"We simplified the criteria ratings – rating projects on the level of selected impact on corporate objectives, the cross-functional nature of the team, and the perceived likelihood that the project would encounter barriers which required senior level support to overcome† (Kloppenborg, T. and Nkomo, S. ). While these are all great criteria ratings when selecting projects, there are several criterions that are missing that could cause possible failure of the implemented process. First, if direct, indirect, variable, and fixed costs are not a factor of the criterion process, the project can end up going over budget thus making it unsuccessful or causing it not to meet the proposed deadline. Secondly, if there is a not a more functional involvement that includes a project management team for each project broken down by specialization, opinions may be crossed and conflicting information may be given. The Process in Five Years According to Effective Approaches to Project Prioritization, â€Å"establishing a project prioritization is neither simple nor fast† (Schwartz, C. ). During the next five years D. D. Williamson will continue to evaluate and adjust its project prioritization process based on changes in project management successes and failures. Also, one must take into consideration the cost of labor, and various other costs that will inflate over time that could cause the criterion process to adjust and be reassembled. Conclusion In conclusion, D. D. Williamson was able to implement a successful project management process that helped them to execute the highest projects of importance and build a foundation that will contribute to continued success. Like anything, there are always opportunities for improvement, and I am confident that D. D. Williamson will continue to improve its project management process through selection and criteria ratings in the future.

Analysis the Ordeal of Thomas Hutchinson free essay sample

Hutchinson house and sacked the inure place, stealing around boss In cash, and breaking/ stealing a total of around absorbs sterling. The wide spread feeling in America was that Thomas Hutchinson had betrayed his beloved country for selfish reasons. It was hard to imagine a man like Hutchinson to betray his country with a background like his own. His family generally helped to found New England, and they prospered with its growth. Thomas Hutchinson was born in Boston In 1711.His father was Colonel Thomas Hutchinson, and he served on the provincial Council for over twenty years. The future governor, Thomas Hutchinson, entered Harvard university at the age of twelve. Throughout his college days he formed a fund which with the addition of several accumulations, turned out to become a fortune. At the age of twenty-six, Thomas had begun to enter into a life of politics. He was a representative of Boston to the Massachusetts House from 1737-1749 (with the exception of a single year), and councilor for the succeeding seventeen years. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis: the Ordeal of Thomas Hutchinson or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In 1740 Hutchinson had gravitated to Governor Bluchers successor, the ambitious and well-connected English lawyer William Shirley. For almost two decades after, Hutchinson had remained a leader of Shirley political coalition. In 1757, Hutchinson was elevated to the lieutenant governorship. When Stephan Seawall, holder of the chief justices, had died, the best men in the government proposed Hutchinson for the vacancy. Thomas Hutchinson was surprised he got the Job, yet he felt he was not ready or capable of overtaking Seawalls position.In 1765 the Stamp Act was issued. Thomas Hutchinson had strongly disapproved of the Stamp Act and he said this due to his four forceful arguments against this UN-ruling taxes. When the Massachusetts legislature created a draft to send to Parliament protesting the act, Thomas Hutchinson rejected the draft. This was looked at as a way to try and keep the act in place and not revolt against this awful tax on the colonists of the 13 Colonies. By the summer of 1765, when the Stamp Act was passed and already after the date of its legal inception,Thomas Hutchinson long career was being suspiciously viewed as an anti-American. On August 14, crowds surrounded Hutchinson mansion demanding answers. Hutchinson was not obligated to answer any of these questions, and during the outrage, a townsman convinced the crowd that Thomas was very unlikely to have deliberately hurt any of them or his country. Twelve days after this, the most barbarous outrage that was ever committed in America to date occurred to Hutchinson, his family, and his property! Analysis: the Ordeal of Thomas HutchinsonBy crisscrossed house and sacked the entire place, stealing around boss in cash, and breaking/ its growth. Thomas Hutchinson was born in Boston in 1711. His father was Colonel The future governor, Thomas Hutchinson, entered Harvard University at the age of Shirley political coalition. In 1757, Hutchinson was elevated to the lieutenant governorship. When Stephan Seawall, holder of the chief Justices, had died, the arguments against this UN-ruling taxes.